2020版《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》真正的6大關(guān)鍵改動 The International Chamber of Commerce (“ICC”) has announced the publication of Incoterms 2020. This is the first update to Incoterms since they were last revised in 2010. The new rules become effective from 1 January 2020.

　　國際商會（“ICC”）正式公布了2020年版本的《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》。這是現(xiàn)行《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》自2010年生效以來進行的第一次修訂。新修訂的《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》將自2020年1月1日起生效。

　　Incoterms detail the obligations of the parties as well as the allocation of risk and cost in a trade contracted on three-letter trade terms (such as CIF and FOB). Incoterms are distinct from the meaning of the same three-letter trade terms at common law, and Incoterms will only apply if they are incorporated into the contract (usually by reference).

　　《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》對采用國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語（如“CIF”和“FOB”）訂立的合同中各方主體的義務(wù)、風(fēng)險和費用成本的承擔(dān)進行了詳細地解釋。值得注意的是《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》中對國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語的解釋和普通法下的解釋有所不同，只有明確約定適用《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》的情況下，《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》中的貿(mào)易術(shù)語才會適用。

　　The revisions to the rules have been produced by the ICC Drafting Group, which was made up of eight members from Australia, China, EU member states, Turkey, andthe USA. Incoterms 2020 contain six significant changes from Incoterms 2010:

　　此次公布的《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》由ICC起草小組進行修訂，該起草小組的八名成員分別來自中國、美國、歐盟成員國、澳大利亞和土耳其。與2010版的《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》相比，新修訂的版本主要在以下六個方面進行了改動，具體而言：

FCA術(shù)語下就提單問題引入了新的附加機制

　　The FCA rule now contains an additional element relating to bills of lading. Under this option, the buyer and seller agree that the buyer's carrier will issue an on-board bill of lading to the seller after loading, which the seller will then tender to the buyer (likely through the banking chain). A problem with the old FCA rule was that it ended before the loading of the goods, which prevented the seller from obtaining an on-board bill of lading. However, bills of lading are generally required by banks under letters of credit and therefore the FCA rule was revised to take account of this market reality.

　　修訂后的《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》中FCA術(shù)語下就提單問題引入了新的附加機制。根據(jù)該新引入的附加選項，買方和賣方同意買方指定的承運人在裝貨后將向賣方簽發(fā)已裝船提單，然后再由賣方向買方做出交單（可能通過銀行鏈）。現(xiàn)行的FCA術(shù)語中存在的一個主要問題是該術(shù)語的效力在貨物裝船前就已經(jīng)隨貨交承運人而截止，這就導(dǎo)致賣方無法獲得已裝船提單。但是在一般情況下，已裝船提單是銀行在信用證項下的常見單據(jù)要求，因此對FCA規(guī)則的修訂充分考慮到這一市場上的實際情況。

每一個貿(mào)易術(shù)語都提供了“一站式費用清單”

　　Costs are now consistently listed in A9 (seller’s obligations) and B9 (buyer"s obligations), providing a "one-stop list of costs"for each rule. This new consolidated costs section appears in addition to the allocation of costunder the relevant obligation. For example, in an FOB sale, the costs involved in obtaining the delivery/transport document appear in both A6/B6 and A9/B9.

　　各個貿(mào)易術(shù)語項下買賣雙方的費用承擔(dān)在A9（賣方承擔(dān)）和B9（買方承擔(dān)）中詳細載明，該部分為每一個貿(mào)易術(shù)語都提供了“一站式費用清單”。也就是說除了在具體規(guī)定有關(guān)義務(wù)的條款中對承擔(dān)該義務(wù)產(chǎn)生的費用成本進行分配以外，還新加入將買方賣方各自承擔(dān)的費用成本一并匯總的部分。例如，在FOB貿(mào)易術(shù)語項下，取得交付或運輸相關(guān)單據(jù)產(chǎn)生的成本除在說明該項義務(wù)的A6/B6部分載明外，在匯總費用承擔(dān)的A9/B9部分也有載明。

CIF和CIP術(shù)語中的最低保險范圍的規(guī)定也有所不同

　　The level of minimum insurance in CIF and CIP terms has diverged. CIF terms continue to require the seller to obtain cargo insurance complying with Clauses (C) of the LMA/IUA Institute Cargo Clauses. However, in CIP trades the level of minimum insurance has been increased to that complying with Clauses (A) of the Institute Cargo Clauses (meaning “allrisks” cover, subject to exclusions).

　　CIF和CIP術(shù)語中的最低保險范圍的規(guī)定也有所不同。CIF術(shù)語繼續(xù)要求賣方購買符合LMA/IUA《協(xié)會貨物保險條款》（C）條款要求的貨物保險。但是，在適用CIP術(shù)語的貿(mào)易中，最低保險范圍已經(jīng)提高到《協(xié)會貨物保險條款》（A）條款的要求（即“一切險”，不包括除外責(zé)任）。

買賣雙方可以使用自有運輸工具

　　Provision has been made for the seller or buyer to employ their own means of transportation rather than employing a third party carrier, as was assumed in the Incoterms 2010. The changes are reflected in the FCA, DAP, DPU and DDP rules.

　　當(dāng)采用FCA、DAP、DPU和DPP術(shù)語進行貿(mào)易時，買賣雙方可以使用自有運輸工具，而不再像2010版那樣推定使用第三方承運人進行運輸。

DAT術(shù)語被重命名為DPU

　　The DAT (Delivered at Terminal) rule has been renamed DPU (Delivered at Place Unloaded). This is to reflect that the destination can be any place and not just a terminal.

　　DAT（Delivered at Terminal）術(shù)語已被重命名為DPU（Delivered at Place Unloaded）。這是為了反映作為目的地的交貨地點可以是任何地方而不僅僅是終點。

A4和A7明確規(guī)定了與安全有關(guān)的義務(wù)分配規(guī)則

　　An express allocation of security-related obligations has been added to A4 and A7 of each Incoterm, the costs of which are included in A9/B9. For example, A4 of the FOB Incoterm states “The seller must comply with any transport-related security requirements up to delivery”. These provisions reflect the increasing prevalence of concerns relating to security in international trade.

　　每個國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語項下的A4和A7部分都明確規(guī)定了與安全有關(guān)的義務(wù)的分配規(guī)則，為履行該義務(wù)產(chǎn)生的費用的承擔(dān)方式也在A9/B9部分載明。例如，F(xiàn)OB 術(shù)語項下的A4部分載明“賣方必須遵守任何與運輸安全有關(guān)的要求，直至交付”。這些規(guī)定反映了當(dāng)前國際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域?qū)Π踩珕栴}日益增長的關(guān)注。

　　A further change which runs throughout the document is purely cosmetic. The ICC has attempted to make the rules clearer than ever, with introductory and explanatory notes as well as changes in the order and layout of the rules. The motivation behind this change is apparently to encourage users to employ the most appropriate trade term for their particular trade, in particular to discourage the use of maritime terms for non-maritime trade.

　　新版《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》中其余部分的規(guī)定較現(xiàn)行版本并未有實質(zhì)性變化。在此次修訂中，國際商會旨在通過對各個貿(mào)易術(shù)語項下規(guī)則的介紹性和解釋性說明，以及對排版和術(shù)語排列順序的變化使各個術(shù)語的內(nèi)容更加清晰明確，進而鼓勵使用者根據(jù)其所從事的貿(mào)易采用最合適的貿(mào)易術(shù)語，尤其是避免在非海運貿(mào)易中使用海運術(shù)語。

　　Overall, the changes to the terms are more conservative than some predicted, and there are a few notable absences in the list of changes. It had been anticipated by some that the DPP rule would be split into two terms, and that the FAS term would be removed entirely. Others had expected the introduction of a new “Costand Insurance” term (“CNI”). In the event, these changes have not materialised.

　　總體而言，此次針對國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語進行的修訂，其結(jié)果比外界預(yù)測的更為保守，并且也依然存在一些值得注意的缺失。分析人士曾預(yù)測DPP術(shù)語將被拆分為兩個不同的術(shù)語，而FAS術(shù)語則將被完全移除，也有部分評論曾預(yù)計在此次修訂中“Cost and Insurance”（CNI）將會作為新術(shù)語被引入。然而根據(jù)公布的正式文本顯示，上述修訂最終均未落實。